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fat intomaking and makinglike Chemistry was preceded by its protoscience, which is an intuitive but non-scientific approach to understanding the constituents of matter and their interactions. It was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations, but, by performing experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. Chemistry as a body of knowledge distinct from alchemy began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between them by in his work (1661). While both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations, the crucial difference was given by the thaloyed in their work. Chemistry is considered to have become an established science with the work of , who developed a law of  that demanded careful measurement and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the especially through the work of